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Laogai: "Reform Through Labor" in China

This 2000 article describes "'Laogai,' which translates from Mandarin to mean 'reform through labor,' [and] is the Chinese [criminal] system of labor prison factories, detention centers, and re-education camps." Topics include the three types of Laogai (convict labor, re-education through labor, and forced job placement), conditions, and applicable Chinese law and international law standards. From Human Rights Brief, a student-run publication of the Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Washington College of Law.